Wheat stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, was eradicated in Western Europe during the last half of the twentieth century by breeders’ work and by the eradication of berberis, the secondary host. Yet, , but in the second decade of the new millennium an outbreak occurred in middle Europe first, especially in Germany and with sporadic infections in Denmark, Sweden and UK. Only in 2016, an epidemic outbreak was recorded in Sicily. During the last three years, presence of stem rust symptoms were frequently reported also in Tuscany, initially only on some few cultivars and with low incidence and low severity,, but in In 2021 all the cultivars monitored showed stem rust symptoms with an incidence ranging from 25% to 100%. For this reason we started a collaboration with the RustWatch project, a consortium of researchers and plant pathologists led by the Global Rust Reference Center at Aarhus University in Denmark, to contribute setting up an early-warning system of for wheat rusts. B by monitoring and sampling wheat cereal rusts, we intend to cvs to provide obtain a better understanding of the dynamics of pathogen spread epidemic and determine the rust races present in the different countries and regions respectively. For this purpose, some particularly susceptible and resistant local Tuscan cvs were sown both in Tuscany and Sicily 1) to follow the appearance of rust symptoms in different climatic and soil conditions 2) to evaluate the perspectives of an early warning system coordinated between Sicily and Tuscany, and 3) to assess the races present on the same cvs in so different region. The research was funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 773311 (RustWatch) and the study was carried out as part of the wheat fungal diseases monitoring program of the Phytosanitary Service of Regione Toscana.