Wildflower strips (WFS) are increasingly commonly adopted measures to promote biodiversity in agro-ecosystems.
While their effectiveness in providing floral and other food resources for pollinators and natural enemies
has been relatively well studied, much less is known about the value of different types of WFS as overwintering
habitat for different functional arthropod groups. Here, we examined arthropod overwintering in WFS of different
age compared to winter wheat fields. Moreover, we addressed the largely unexplored question to what
extent non-permanent WFS may act as sink or ecological trap, if they attract high numbers of overwintering
arthropods but only a low proportion of them survive and successfully emerge due to ploughing of strips during
overwintering.
Overwintering of all studied arthropod groups eincluding potential pest natural enemies spiders, carabid
beetles, staphylinid beetles and different families of pollinating flies ewas higher in WFS compared to winter
wheat crops. Overwintering increased in WFS compared to wheat fields irrespective of WFS age, except for
4 year old WFS in the case of carabid beetles and 1 year old WFS in the case of spiders. While WFS age positively
affected spider overwintering, numbers of overwintering pollinating flies and staphylinid beetles did not change
significantly with WFS age. Moreover, carabid beetles tended to decline in the four years old WFS compared to
younger ones. Ploughing of annual WFS during overwintering significantly reduced the number of successfully
emerging arthropods by 59% on average. Detrimental effects were strongest for carabid beetles and spiders
(reductions by 67% and 69%, respectively) to their numbers in ploughed WFS being similar to winter wheat
fields. Reductions were less severe for pollinating flies and staphylinid beetles (both 47%), with higher numbers
emerging from annual WFS compared to winter wheat fields even after ploughing of WFS.
We conclude that perennial WFS are valuable overwintering habitats for a range of arthropod taxa across
functional groups in arable cropping systems. Distinct responses of different arthropod taxa to WFS age highlight
the importance of managing perennial WFS of various successional stages in order to promote overwintering of a
broad variety arthropods in agro-ecosystems. Our study raises concerns, however, that annual WFS ploughed
during the overwintering period are poor overwintering habitats for arthropods and may even act as ecological
traps.